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REASONS FOR THANKFULNESS 



DISCOURSE 



DELIVERED IN THE 



FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN ROCHESTER, N.Y. 



ON THE DAY OF 



ANNUAL THANKSGIVING, 

DECEMBER 15, 1836, 



BY TRYON^EDWARBS, 

PASTOR OF SAID CHURCH. 



f 



ROCHESTER : 
PUBLISHED BY THE TRUSTEES, 



Bumphrey, Cook & Tinkham, Printers 

1837. 






RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED 

TO THE 

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CONGREGATION 



And to the inhabitants of the City generally, as a proof of the 
Author's sincere desire to promote among them a knowledge of 
the History and Character of the Founders of our Nation, and to 
aid them justly to appreciate and rightly to improve the blessings 
by which, both as a nation and a city, we are so highly distin- 
guished. 



SERMON 



PS. CXVII, 1, 2. 

praise the Lord, all ye people— for his merciful kindness is great toward 
us. Praise ye the Lord. 

The words of the text, originally had reference to the 
Jewish nation. The Psalmist has been recounting some 
of the manifold mercies of Jehovah, both temporal and 
spiritual, to his own chosen people. He has reviewed the 
bounties of God's providence, and the richer bounties of 
his grace ; and as they rise up before him, one after an- 
other, like so many visions of mercy, his heart is filled 
with gratitude to the Lord, and he pours it forth in the 
full, and clear, and sweet streams of thankfulness and 
praise. O ! how unlike the great mass of men, who 
receive, and enjoy, and possibly review, numberless bless- 
ings, while they are heedless of the giver — who sail joy- 
ously onward, with the prosperous breeze, and the un- 
ruffled tide of mercy, while they forget the kind power 
that guards them from the storm of adversity — the hand 
that holds its lightnings — the voice that checks its thun- 
ders, and that says to its every rising wave, " Peace, be 
still !" 

But to return. So far as the principle of the text is 
concerned, there is a striking analogy between our own 
nation and the ancient covenant people of God. Not that, 



like them, we are surrounded by the visible displays of 
God's peculiar glory ; not that we breathe an atmosphere 
of miracles ; or enjoy the personal guidance of the Angel 
of the Covenant ; or receive our daily bread by showers 
of food from heaven. These things, like the burning 
bush of Horeb, or the fiery-cloudy pillar of the desert, 
were peculiar to days for ever past, and will never be 
known to our experience. But still, in many, very many 
parts of our past history, and in our present condition as 
a people, we, as well as ancient Israel, find abundant rea- 
son to exclaim, in the sentiment of the text, " His merci- 
ful kindness is great toward us" and still more, to add, 
with heart-felt and glowing gratitude, its commencement 
and conclusion, "Praise ye the Lord." 

This, then, is the subject to which your attention is in- 
vited — to a glance at the fast and present kindness of 
God's dealing's with us as a nation, and to the fact that 
these have ever been such as should call forth our devout, 
and thankful^ and constant praise. The text, as applied 
to ourselves, reminds us, that thus far in our history, we 
have ever been highly exalted by God. Our nation, as 
such, has been peculiarly favored in many respects, a few 
of which may be noticed. And, 

I. In its founders. — With nations, as with indivi- 
duals, the desire is universal, of knowing their progeni- 
tors and founders. We love the memory of departed 
beings, and past events, and ancient days, which are 
woven in with our own history. And on these things it 
is sometimes well to linger — especially, if they furnish 
motives to noble enterprize and elevated goodness in our- 
selves, or of gratitude and praise to God. In this respect, 
we, as a people, have been signally favored of Heaven. 
With most nations that have existed, all that is distinct 
and definite in the character of their founders, is long 
since buried in forgetfulness ; or if there be any which 



are exceptions to the remark, they are generally, like Rome 
and some of the early Grecian states, obliged to exchange 
oblivion for infamy — having been founded by out-laws 
and desperadoes. Not so however with us. " God sifted 
three kingdoms, that he might plant the American wil- 
derness with the finest wheat." The founders of this 
country were a self-denying and noble band, " of whom 
the world was not worthy." They were, in part, the 
Presbyterians of fScotland, and the Huguenots of France, 
but especially the Dissenters of England — all bound 
together by persecution and by the sympathies of a com- 
mon faith, and all known as the " Puritans" — a name in 
which every American should delight to glory, and to 
share in which, even in the remotest degree, I would es- 
teem the noblest birth-right that earth can give ! 

Henry the Eighth, had indeed given its death-blow to 
Popery in England ; but so inwrought were its corrupt 
and persecuting principles, into the very texture of socie- 
ty, that they " long maintained a fierce and bloody conflict, 
with the rights of conscience, and the dearest hopes of 
man." During the reigns of Mary, Elizabeth, and one 
or two subsequent sovereigns, laws were passed in refer- 
ence to religious sentiments and worship, which were 
regarded by many as tyranny to conscience, and opposi- 
tion to God. Two acts, especially — one declaring the 
Queen the supreme head of the church, and the other re- 
quiring conformity in all things to the established religion, 
excited immediate and powerful resistance. Though 
the plains of Smithfield were still reeking with the blood 
of martyrs, and the funeral fires of hundreds* were 
scarcely quenched, still there were men of heroic and 
daring spirit, who fearlessly withstood these oppressive 

* Even Hume admits that in three years of Mary's reign, 277 persons 
were burnt at the stake, beside those who were punished by fines, impri- 
sonments and confiscations. The numoer was probably much greater. 



8 

laws, and demanded greater liberty, and simplicity, and 
purity of worship. And in this they persevered, notwith- 
standing their incredible sufferings from unjust laws, and 
bitter calumnies, and severe persecutions — persevered, till 
by voluntary exile from their native land they gained their 
long sought end. By way of ridicule and reproach, they 
were called " Puritans ;" a term which their own char- 
acter has rescued from contempt, and identified with all 
that is great and noble and glorious in man. That charac- 
ter I cannot better present than in the abbreviated senti- 
ments of another* — one who wih hardly be suspected of 
prejudice in their favor, when I mention that he is con- 
nected with the established church, and a native of that 
country from which our fathers fled. 

" The Puritans," he says, " were the most remarkable 
body of men which the world has ever produced. The 
odious parts of their character lie upon the surface, and 
by malicious observers have often been made the theme of 
unmeasured invective and derision. As a body they were 
unpopular, and were therefore abandoned to the attacks 
of the press and the stage, when the stage and the press 
were of all times the most licentious. But it is not from 
ridicule alone that the philosophy of history is to be learnt. 
Most of their absurdities were in external things in which 
indeed they might have been more attractive. But above 
all external things, the Puritans were men whose minds 
had derived a peculiar character from the daily contem- 
plation of superior beings and eternal realities. Not con- 
tent with acknowledging, in general, an over-ruling Pro- 
vidence, they habitually ascribed every event to the will 
of that great Being, for whose power nothing was too 
vast, and for whose care and inspection nothing was too 
minute. To know, and serve, and enjoy him, was with 

*Hon. Thomas Babbington McAuley, in the Edinburgh Review, vol. 
XLII. p. 337. 



them the great end of existence. They rejected with 
contempt the ceremonious homage which other sects had 
substituted for the pure worship of the soul. Instead of 
catching occasional glimpses of the Deity through an 
obscuring veil, they aspired to gaze full on his infinite 
brightness, and to commune with him face to face. Hence 
their contempt for all earthly distinctions. They recogni- 
zed no title to superiority, but the divine favor ; and confi- 
dent of that favor, they despised the accomplishments, and 
honors, and dignities of the world. If unacquainted with 
the works of philosophers and poets, they were deeply read 
in the oracles of God. On the rich and the eloquent, on 
priests and on nobles, they looked down with contempt ; 
for they regarded themselves rich in a more precious trea- 
sure, and eloquent in a sublimer language — nobles by the 
right of an earlier creation, and priests by the imposition 
of a mightier hand. The meanest of them esteemed 
himself a being, destined before heaven and earth were 
created, to enjoy a felicity which should for ever continue, 
when heaven and earth should have passed away. For his 
sake empires had risen and flourished and decayed ; and 
for his sake had sounded the voice of the Evangelist and 
the harp of the Prophet. He had been rescued by no 
common deliverer, from the grasp of no common foe — 
rescued, by the sweat of no common agony — by the 
blood of no earthly sacrifice. For him it was that the 
sun was darkened, and the rocks were rent, and the dead 
had arisen, and all nature had shuddered at the pangs of 
her expiring Lord. The Puritan was made up of two 
different men ; — the one, all penitence, and affection, and 
gratitude, and self-abasement; the other > proud, calm, 
inflexible, sagacious. He prostrated himself in the dust 
before his Maker ; but he set his foot on the neck of his 
king. Men might sneer at them with contempt or deri- 

2 



10 

sion ; but those had little reason to laugh who encountered 
them in the hall of debate, or the field of battle. In civil 
and military affairs, they displayed a coolness of judg- 
ment, and a fixedness of purpose, which were the neces- 
sary effect of their zeal ; for the very intensity of their 
feelings on one subject, made them calm and tranquil on 
every other. In one over-powering sentiment, were swal- 
lowed up their pity and hatred, ambition and fear. Death, 
to them, had no terrors, and pleasure no charms. They 
had smiles and tears, raptures and sorrows, but not for 
things of this world. With their minds cleared of every 
vulgar passion and prejudice, and raised above the influ- 
ence of danger and corruption, they went through life, 
like Sir Artegales' iron man Talus, with his flail, crush- 
ing and trampling down every form of oppression — min- 
gling with human beings, but having no part in human 
infirmities — insensible to fatigue, to pleasure, to pain — 
not to be pierced by any weapon — not to be withstood by 
any barrier." Such were the Puritans to the eye of the 
candid politician. Baptize the picture in the spirit of 
heaven, and such, substantially, were they to the eye of 
the Christian ; and such, so far as their good qualities 
are concerned — such they were made by their religion. 
They deserve a record in the brightest pages of earth's 
history. They have a record in the pages of heaven. 
" They had their faults — their false logic and their extra- 
vagance, the effects of the age in which they lived f but 
they came to this country, the friends of liberty, of edu- 
cation, of religion ; and " in the learning of many of 
them, and in the wisdom and results of their plans and 
labors, they still stand forth a noble race, altogether supe- 
rior to the ancestors of any other nation." Well may we 
exclaim with the Psalmist, " His merciful kindness is 
great toward us. Praise ye the Lord." 



11 

Again, our nation has also been highly favored, 
II. In the objects for which it was founded. — No 
other nation has ever been founded from such elevated 
motives, and for such noble and benevolent ends. The 
Grecian and .Roman colonies were intended only as a 
means of wealth and conquest ; and the same is true of 
the colonies of Spain, and those of Great Britain in the 
East and West Indies. Not so, however, with the Puri- 
tans. Oppressed and persecuted, where they should have 
been protected, and then exiled and banished as felons, 
they resolved for liberty's* sake, and religion's^ sake, to 
leave the homes of their fathers for the then trackless 
wilds of this Western world. Persecution hunted them 
in all their movements, but they escaped its fangs. The 
sword rose up to oppose their progress, but they evaded 
its point. The tempest followed them on their ocean-way, 
but on its every cloud, God had planted his bow of mercy. 

* Twice in their native land did the Puritans save the British consti- 
tution from being crushed by the usurpations of the Stuarts. Even 
Hume, who is never backward to ridicule both their character and their 
principles, is compelled to admit, " That the precious spark of liberty had 
been kindled and was preserved by the Puritans;" and that to them " the 
English owe the whole freedom of their Constitution.'''' This spirit they 
brought with them to this country ; and ere they left the cabin of the 
" May Flower," they formed themselves, by a written article, " into a 
civil body politie," &c. It is worthy of notice that this is the first writ, 
ten constitution of government that can be found in the history of civilized 
nations, and that it recognized the fundamental principle that all should 
be ruled by the majority — the very germ of all republics. 

t " One of the main ends of all these undertakings," says one of the 
first emigrants, " was to plant the Gospel in these dark regions of Ame- 
rica." And says an early historian of our country, "This was not only 
their main end, but their sole end." Accordingly we are not surprised 
to hear that " profane swearers and drunkards were not known in the 
land ;" or that an eminent minister, speaking of this period, in a sermon 
before the British Parliament, should be able to say, " I have lived in that 
country seven years, and have never heard a profane oath or seen a per- 
son drunk in the land." 



12 

The savage met them on their arrival, but the same hand 
that restrained the tempests, held his power in check, till 
they were able to repress it. Through all these, and a 
thousand minor obstacles, they persevered with unwaver- 
ing purpose, till they had secured to themselves a refuge 
from oppression, an asylum for conscience, and a temple 
for God. That refuge — that asylum — that temple, were 
the same. Its foundation was our everlasting hills — its 
topmost spires, the peaks of our loftiest mountains — its 
dimensions, the length and breadth of our land — its mourn- 
ful music, the sighing of our autumn forests — its sweeter 
strains, the murmuring of our lakes and rivers — its wilder 
anthems, the tornado's voice and the cataract's roar — its 
acceptable sacrifice, the Pilgrim's prayer, breathed forth 
from the chambers of an humble, grateful heart. Here 
they found rest from their wanderings — here conscience 
was untrammelled, and the voice of the oppressor un^ 
heard — and here they poured forth their prayers and their 
praises, « -with none to molest them, or make them afraid." 
No other nation has ever been founded from such holy 
motives — for such noble ends. Surely "His merciful 
kindness is great toward us. Praise ye the Lord." 

Our nation, as such, has also been peculiarly favored of 
God, 

III. In its preservation in seasons of trial and 
danger* — On the first arrival of our fathers, as we have 
seen, the power of the savage was mercifully restrained, 
till by their own increase, they were adequate to the work 
of self-protection. Still later in our history, France covet- 
ed our possessions, and for more than half a century strove 
to wrest them from us. On the west, she hemmed us in 
" by a chain of fortresses, and on the east our shores were 
defenceless to her carnage." The barbarous natives were 
excited against us, and hordes of foreigners, scarcely less 

* See a discourse by Rev. Dr. Nott, July 4, 1801. 



13 

savage, were poured in for our destruction. Danger and 
death were on every side. The laborer was murdered in 
the field — the family in the slumbers of midnight — the 
babe in the arms of its mother, and the worshipper at the 
very altar of God ! For a time it seemed as if utter de- 
struction were inevitable. But " he that transplanted, 
sustained us ;"* and in great mercy we were saved, and 
brought off conquer ers. 

To mention but one of many instances in which the 
schemes of our foes were providentially defeated, we may 
advert to the great fleet which they fitted out in 1746, to 
ravage our defenceless coasts. For weeks it was shut up 
in the ports of France, by what has well been called, " an 
embargo from heaven? In crossing the ocean, it was 
so shattered by tempests that only a part of it ever reach- 
ed our shores. By these disasters, the first and second in 
command were so disheartened, that they put an end to 
their own lives ; and the third had no sooner efYected a 
landing for his men, than the angel of the Lord smote 
them with a pestilence, so that their camp, like that of 
Assyria of old, was full of dead men. Thus the Al- 
mighty compelled them " to return by the way they 
came," without so much as lifting a spear or shooting an 
arrow against the cities which they designed to destroy. 
Thus the tempest, and the elements, and the pestilence 
fought against our enemies, while our fathers " stood still, 
and saw the salvation of God." 

In all this contest we were aided and protected by the 
mother country, for George II. was a father to his colonies. 
George III. however was their oppressor and their tyrant. 
His policy toward us was cruel and enslaving. It was 
met on our part, first by petition, then by remonstrance, 
and when these were in vain, by an appeal to arms. The 
struggle was long, and desperate, and for us seemed almost 

*- " Qui transtulitj 8ustulit"-~thQ state motto of Connecticut. 



14 

hopeless; for while the hosts of our adversaries were 
numerous, and their resources immense, and their gene- 
rals distinguished both by courage and experience, ours 
was a little band, destitute of arms and ammunition, un- 
used to battles, having no resources but their valor, no 
hope but the justice of their cause, and no leader but the 
providence of God. During the early part of this un- 
equal contest, the prospect before us was indeed dark and 
gloomy. " Our embarrassments were numerous — our 
sufferings immense. Our cities were burnt or plundered, 
our fields covered with dead bodies, and our valleys soak- 
ed in blood. Of the flower of our country, many were 
cut off in battle, many perished in prison ships, and many 
became the victims of hardship and disease. Our fron- 
tiers lay naked to the stroke of the tomahawk, and our 
seaports were open to the ravages of British arms." Dis- 
aster and alarm from without, were attended by alarm 
and disaster within. A miserable paper currency, daily 
depreciating in value, excited mutual distrust, embarrass- 
ed private business, and even palsied the very energies of 
government. At this fearful crisis, when anxiety was on 
every brow, and fear in every heart — when America, like 
ancient Israel, stood trembling on the brink of the sea, 
alike unable to withstand or escape from her foes, then 
the Almighty appeared for our deliverance. He smote 
the sea whose waves were ready to overwhelm us, and at 
his stroke its deep billows were divided, and we passed 
through in safety, to independence and freedom. 

This memorable event, however, though it gave a new 
aspect to our affairs, did not end our trials. The nation 
was exhausted by war, and oppressed with debt. The 
insufficiency of the old confederation, which was unfelt 
so long as we were bound together by common dangers, 
now became manifest. " Its bonds were seen to be a mere 
parchment, its commands a mere request." Taxation too, 



15 

excited discontent. One state was distracted by insurrec- 
tion, and all were perplexed or shaken, by discordant sys- 
tems of policy, or jarring interests. The powers of the 
general government were feeble ; its rights dubious ; the 
bonds of union were evidently relaxing, and the whole 
system was tending to dissolution. But the same kind 
hand that had led us safely through the sea, did not for- 
sake us in the wilderness. The same power that had 
guarded us from external danger, now saved us from in- 
ternal ruin. Guided by the finger of Providence, the 
patriots and sages of our country again assembled, and 
formed the American Constitution, which thus far 
has been, and we would hope may ever be, the firm basis 
of our liberty and our union. 

Time would fail us, to dwell further even upon the out- 
line of our unexampled career, from infant colonies to a 
mighty nation. Suffice it to say, that from the first set- 
tlement of the country, up to the present hour, we have 
ever been borne as on eagle's wings, and guided by infi- 
nite wisdom, and girded, and sheltered, and upheld by 
Almighty power and goodness. What abundant reason 
have we, with the deepest thankfulness, to exclaim, " His 
merciful kindness is great toward us. Praise ye the 
Lord." 

Our nation, as such, has also been eminently favored, 
IV. In its increase and prosperity. — Two centu- 
ries ago, a few barks tossed upon yonder billows contained 
our entire population, and a few settlements in the howl- 
ing wilderness were all the extent of our territory ; and 
the title even to that was disputed by wild beasts, and the 
wilder and fiercer savages. Even at the revolution, our 
territory was comparatively limited, and our population 
small. Now we have a territory extending from ocean to 
ocean, comprising more than 2,000,000 square miles, or 
about one-twentieth of the habitable globe, and contain- 



16 

ing within its borders more than seventy distinct Indian 
tribes, with thirty of which we have treaties, and with 
most of which we are at peace. The public lands of our 
States and territories, contain 340,000,000 of acres. Our 
frontier lines are nearly 10,000 miles in extent, about 4,000 
of which are sea-coast. Already our population is 14,- 
000,000 ; and so varied is our climate, and so productive 
our soil, as to be capable of sustaining a population nearly 
as large as that of the entire globe. The annual value of 
our exports is $122,000,000, and of our imports $173,- 
000,000 — of all of which nearly nine-tenths are carried in 
American vessels. The aggregate of our foreign and 
coasting tonnage is not far from 2,000,000 of tons, beside 
that on our internal waters — in all, employing 200,000 
boatmen and seamen. The whole value of the produce 
of our commerce, manufactures, and agriculture is from 
1800 to 2,000,000,000 of dollars annually. And still our 
immense physical resources are continually developing, 
more and more, by our various increasing facilities for 
mutual intercourse, and especially by our rail-roads, and 
rivers, and canals — of which the former, in their speed, 
seem almost striving to be rivals of thought, and the last 
two, like the arteries of the country, are sending the pul- 
sations of commerce, by their mighty throbs, through the 
length and breadth of the land. We are at peace at home, 
and respected abroad. Our banking capital is about 
$300,000,000. Our annual income, is not far from $50,- 
000,000 ; and while many nations of the world are bur- 
dened with immense debts,* we are actually perplexed and 
disputing among ourselves, how to dispose of a surplus 
revenue of over 40,000,000 ! Emigration is rolling its 
fertile tide westward to the Pacific. Cities of wealth, and 
splendor, and intelligence, have long been set, like noble 

* The national debt of Austria, is $200,000,000 ; of Russia, $220,. 
000,000; of France, $480,000,000 ; and of G. Britain, $3,490,000,000 ! 



17 

gems, along our eastern coast, while in the interior others 
are rising with a giant growth to rival or outstrip them. 
The arts and sciences, manufactures and general intelli- 
gence, are all on the increase. " A little one has become 
a thousand, and a small one a mighty nation." " A new 
department in God's moral empire is rising — has risen 
up. A new world — a world of freemen is created, and is 
filled with people," and surrounded with blessings. Truly 
"His merciful kindness is great toward us. Praise 
ye the Lord." 

We are further peculiarly favored, as a people, 
V. In the enjoyment of the comforts of life, and 
the fruits of our own labor.* — In no other land are 
these so fully and freely enjoyed, as in our own. In Nor- 
way and Sweden, the ordinary food of the peasantry is 
oat-meal, and occasionally a little dried fish, while their 
dwellings are mere log cabins covered with bark or turf. 
In Denmark, they are bought and sold with the land on 
which they live, with as little ceremony, as if they were 
part of its brush-wood. In the freezing climate of Russiaj 
few, if any of them, have beds. In Poland, their condi- 
tion is still more degraded. For one of them to strike a 
noble, is death. And in both these last mentioned coun- 
tries, their daily food is often such as would scarcely be 
offered to the meanest American beggar. Throughout 
the continent of Europe, the highest wages of cotton 
manufacturers is only from four to ten shillings per week ; 
and of the 32,000,000 inhabitants of France, more than 
22,000,000 are compelled to live, or rather to starve, on 
from five to eight cents per day ; and even of this poor 
pittance, one fifth is demanded for taxes. In 1820, one- 
seventh part of all the inhabitants of Paris received sup- 
port from public charity, and one-third of those who died, 
died in hospitals. In France, only 1 in 196 is allowed to 

* See Nor. Am.JR.ev. f or Oct. 1835, Art. V. 
3 



18 

vote for his rulers, while in this country, if we may take 
our own state as a standard, nearly one-sixth of the entire 
population are voters. In France and Germany, 1 in 20 ; 
in Holland, 1 in 7 ; in Great Britain, 1 in 6 ; and in Ire- 
land, 1 in 3, are paupers ! Of the 1,400,000 houses in 
Ireland, one in six, or 230,000, are occupied by paupers ; 
700,000 have but one hearth in each ; while multitudes 
are described as "four mud walls, without chimney or 
window, and with no bed except the clay floor, or the 
straw which may be on it." In one parish in that coun- 
try ? of 9000 inhabitants, 3136 had not, for five years, been 
able to purchase a single important article of clothing, and 
of 1618 families — the entire population — 1011 had but 
one blanket each, and 229 had none at all. The high- 
est average wages of the Irish laborer, is only from 9 to 
11 cents daily; and even that of the manufacturing classes 
is but little better. Even in England, highly favored as 
it is, compared with most countries, from 30 to 40 per 
cent, of every man's property is every year demanded by 
taxation, to meet the enormous expenses of the govern- 
ment ; and the poor rates of that country are annually 
more than $30,000,000 — a sum greater by some millions 
than all the ordinary national expenses of the United 
States. The wages of laborers are various — in some parts 
as high as 60, in others as low as 12 cents, daily ; and 
generally, so miserable is the condition of the great part 
of the English laboring classes, as almost fully to justify 
the statement of a writer in the London Quarterly, that 
"every English laborer must pass through the poor 
house to get to his grave /" These, and similar state- 
ments, I might easily and almost indefinitely extend ;* but 
enough has been said to show you that burdens so few and 
light, comforts so numerous, and blessings so abundant as 

* Let any one who would see this subject in all its harrowing details, 
read (in addition to the article already referred to) Art. II, in the London 
Quarterly Review for December, 1835. 



19 

we enjoy, are not vouchsafed to any other nation on earth, 
Enough has been said to show you that every one in this 
country who is out of the poor-house or hospital, may 
well think himself rich, and that no one who is in them 
even, has comparatively any reason to complain of the 
hardships of his lot. In view of our comforts, as a peo- 
ple, well may we say, in the sentiment of our text, " His 
merciful kindness is great toward us. Praise ye the 
Lord." 

We are also greatly favored, as a nation, 

VI. In our facilities for education and general in- 
telligence. — In Ireland, as also in many other Euro- 
pean states, hundreds of thousands of children are desti- 
tute of all means of education ; and of those in schools, 
the instruction of many is worse than useless. Taking 
France as a whole, only 300 of every 1000 are able to 
read ; while in Massachusetts, probably 999 of every 1000 
can both read and write ; and in Connecticut, a few years 
since, as was ascertained in taking the census, there were 
but three men in the entire state who could not both read 
and write. Most of the States, as such, are engaged in 
the work of instructing the young. In our own state, 
(which has one of the best devised and most efficient com- 
mon school systems in the land,) are annually expended 
for that object, from state funds, more than $300,000, and 
in all, more than $1,200,000 — affording instruction to 
541,401 of the 543.085 children in the state between the 
ages of 5 and 15. Apart from our educated ministry, 
and our great benevolent societies, and our Sabbath 
schools, with their hundreds of thousands of pupils, we 
have about 1 300 newspapers, (more than are possessed by 
the 200,000,000 of Europe,) and 130 moral, scientific and 
religious journals, beside our larger Quarterly Reviews. 
Then we have 8 Law schools, with their 12 professors, 
and 250 students ; 23 Medical institutions, with 135 pro- 
fessors, and 2200 students ; 32 Theological seminaries, 



20 

with 88 professors, and 1150 students; and 86 Colleges, 
with 150 instructors, 15,000 living graduates, 9000 pupils, 
and 398,000 volumes in their libraries : — all of which, are 
so many fountains of light and knowledge to our land. 
These again, are but a small portion of the facts that 
might easily be adduced to illustrate the point before us. 
They are sufficient, however, to show us that there is no 
country where all kinds of knowledge and means of in- 
formation, are so open and free to all — no country enjoy- 
ing so many facilities for possessing an intelligent, health- 
ful, respectable, and useful population ; — sufficient to show 
us, in this respect, the " merciful kindness" of God, and 
to lead us with the Psalmist to charge our souls, " Praise 
ye the Lord." 

It is further true, that as a nation we are eminently 
favored, 

VII. In our religious privileges and blessings. — 
Our great benevolent societies, (the annual income of the 
most important of which is more than $1,000,000,) are 
accomplishing a vast amount of good, in the way of pre- 
ventive charity — for the extension of sound intelligence, 
and the advancement of pure religion.* Unlike most 

* In foreign lands, our Missionary Societies haye 750 Missionaries and 
assistants, 19,000 church members, and 140,000 pupils. In our own 
country, they employ more than 1000 preachers, who are proclaiming the 
gospel in places that might otherwise be destitute. Our Education Socie- 
ties are aiding more than 1900 young men, who are preparing to be teaph- 
ers or ministers of the cross. The American Bible Society, since its 
commencement, has published nearly 2,000,000 copies of the Bible and 
the New Testament. The American Tract Society has issued 827 differ- 
ent publications, and has circulated 39,000,000 of tracts, containing more 
than 614,000,000 of pages. The American Sunday School Union, is 
supposed to haye in its connection, about 100,000 teachers, and 800,000 
pupils. The American Temperance Society has 8000 Auxiliary (23 of 
them, State) societies, containing 1,500,000 members ; and through its 
influence 4,000 distilleries have been stopped, 8,000 merchants have aban- 
doned the traffic in ardent spirits, and 12,000 drunkards have been re- 
formed. 



21 

countries of the earth, we have no legally established form 
of religion. The state is free from the burden of the 
church, and the church from the curse of the state. We 
are exposed to no civil disabilities and oppressions, on ac- 
count of our religious profession or opinion. Sentiment 
is free, and conscience unshackled, by legislative enact- 
ments or the dogmas of popes. God's word is the only 
standard of our creeds — evidence the only rule of belief. 
Our religion is, to a great extent, not one of mere forms and 
ceremonies, but of the mind, the heart, the spirit. Our own 
denomination numbers its 2,225 ministers, its 2,807 con- 
gregations, and its 219,126 communicants; while in the 
churches of other Evangelical denominations, so far as 
known, there are not far from 10,282 ministers, and 1,575,- 
334 communicants. What a mighty host to do good, if 
they all would but live for God ! In our own state, there 
is, on an average, one evangelical preacher to every 979 
inhabitants ; and even in the ten Western states last ad- 
mitted to the Union, there is one minister of the gospel 
(including all denominations) to every 1,400 inhabitants — 
a greater proportion than in Scotland even, which is pro- 
bably better supplied than any other nation, except our 
own. If we may judge from New England, and a large 
part of the Presbyterian church, the world does not con- 
tain so enlightened, and evangelical, and useful a body of 
men, as the ministry of the United States. Not that they 
are as laborious and finished critics as the German theo- 
logians, or as accomplished classical scholars as many of 
the English clergy. But in the intelligent, and compre- 
hensive, and consistent knowledge of divine truth — in 
thorough preparation for their work, and in active devo- 
tion to it, I hazard nothing in saying that, as a body, they 
are unequalled. They have done more for the interests 
of education, and sound morality, and true religion, and 
in past times, more for the literature of our country, than 



22 

all other classes of the community together. In our coun- 
try, as a whole, and especially in our own church, inclu- 
ding the orthodox churches of New England, there is an 
intelligence and soundness of faith, a vigorous moral sen- 
timent, and a vitality in religion, unequalled by that of 
any other nation in existence. And if we have not rival- 
ed some others in extensive biblical learning, we have far 
surpassed them in deep theological research, in pungent 
and powerful exhibitions of truth, in discriminations, of 
immense importance, respecting personal religion, and 
especially in an experimental acquaintance with revi- 
vals of religion, when the Holy Spirit breathes upon his 
churches, and multitudes, through their efforts, are gather- 
ed into the kingdom of Christ. Yes — my hearers — in the 
rich enjoyment of religious privileges and blessings, God 
has unquestionably favored us, more than any other na- 
tion on earth. How deeply should we feel that "His 
merciful kindness is great toward us /" How fervently 
obey the monition, " Praise ye the Lord V 

But turning from blessings peculiarly national, we may 
also find abundant reasons for thankfulness, 

VIII, In the origin, and growth, and present 
prosperity of our own beloved city.* — Forty-eight 
years ago, the ground on which our city now stands, was 
only known as a part of the hunting ground of the rem- 
nant of the " Six Nations." The person who first left 
Massachusetts to explore it, took public leave of his family, 
his neighbors, and the minister of the parish, who had 
assembled, all in tears, to bid him, as it were, a final 
adieu ! At that time, a tract of 24 miles in length, by 12 
in breadth, was given by the Indians for a mill yard ! 
So vast, as will soon be seen, has been the increase of the 
value of landed property ! It was not until 1821, that part 
of this territory was organized as Monroe county. 

* See Appendix A. 



23 

.Rochester, now the capital of this county, 25 years since, 
had no existence. The first log house, on the east side of 
the river, was erected in 1808 ; the first on the west side, 
in 1811 : — and the first white person born in the village, 
(in 1810,) is now a member of this congregation. At this 
time the mail was carried eastward, once a week, on horse- 
back, and part of the time by a woman ! In 1812, part of 
the ground on which the city now stands, was first laid out 
in lots, and offered for sale. In this year, also, a Post-Office 
was established in the village, and its first quarterly in- 
come was $3 42 cents ! In 1814, the settlement was 
threatened with an attack from the British fleet, which 
came to anchor at the mouth of the river ; and all the 
male inhabitants capable of bearing arms, (being only 33 !) 
turned out with the militia of the adjoining towns, to pre- 
vent the landing of the enemy, leaving but two men to 
take care of the women and children. In 1815, the first 
religious society, that of this church, was organized with 
16 members ; and it will give you some idea of the condi- 
tion of the country, when I tell you that it was the only 
congregation in at least 400 square miles — that the second 
meeting of its session was held on " Brighton ridge," and 
that no church meeting was legally called, unless notice 
had been sent to the settlements on the ridge in Gates, 
and in the east part of Brighton ! At that time the popu- 
lation was only 331. 

Twenty-one years have since passed away, and now we 
behold Rochester the fourth, if not the third city in 
the " Empire State." Its limits include about 4200 square 
acres ; its population,* according to the census just taken, 
is over 17,000 ; and the estimated value of its property, is 
$17,500,000. The annual income of its Post-Onice,t 
which is a good test, both of its literary taste, and com- 
mercial prosperity, is over $14,000. Its Custom-House 

* See Appendix B. t See Appendix C. 



24 

income is $60,000 per annum; and its Canal revenue 
$192,000 — larger than that of any place west of the Hud- 
son. Its Boat-yards, (which, on the enlargement of the 
canal, will become sAip-yards,) supply not only our own 
canals, but those also of other states. Its interest in the 
"Forwarding Lines," is about $320,000 — more than is 
owned in all the other cities of the state, so that it exerts 
a controlling influence in the navigation of the canal. 
Many of our Hotels, some of which are of the largest 
class, would do credit to any city whatever. We have 2 
daily, 5 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly papers ; 
an Athenaeum, with a library and reading room attached 
to it ; a Library Association ; an Academy of Sacred Mu- 
sic, with a professor and 150 pupils ; 12 Agencies for In- 
surance Companies ; 11 miles of broad and well flagged 
side-walks ; 3 Banks, with an aggregate capital of $950,- 
000, and allowed to issue between two and three millions ; 
and 1 Savings Bank, the annual deposits in which amount 
to $100,000. The known annual sales of Merchandize, 
of various kinds, amount to more than $5,500,000.* In 
addition to 9 lines of Daily Stages, there is constant com- 
munication with the city, by rail-roads, and steam and 
canal boats. Our water power is of immense magnitude 
and value. The two great falls and several rapids of the 
river within the city limits, make an aggregate descent of 
two hundred and sixty feet, or about one hundred feet 
more than the perpendicular descent of Niagara ! The 
value of this water power, as computed by the standard 
of steam power in England, is almost incredible, exceed- 
ing $10,000,000 for its mere annual use ! This is the 
moving power to most of the great manufactories,! and 
to our mills. These immense establishments — our flour 

* Dry Goods, &c., $1,900,000. Groceries, &c, $1,200,000. Manu- 
factures, exclusive of Flour, $2,470,000. 

t Also to 9 Saw mills, annually cutting 10,000,000 feet of lumber. 



25 

mills — sustained by the enterprise and skill of our mil- 
lers, have already rendered Rochester celebrated as the 
greatest flour manufactory in the world* They are 20 
in number, having 94 runs of stones, and are capable of 
manufacturing 25,000 bushels of wheat daily ! They 
actually do make on an average from 500,000 to 600,000 
barrels of flour per year, worth, at present prices, nearly 
$6,000,000.t 

We have 2 Female Seminaries, with 11 teachers and 
assistants, and about 180 pupils ; 3 Charity Schools,* sus- 
tained by our ladies, who are thus educating 250 orphan 
or destitute children ; 1 High School for both sexes, the 
largest in the state, with a principal, 11 assistants, and 
during the year 654 pupils ; 18 Private Schools, including 
some of those just mentioned ; 14 Common School Dis- 
tricts, in the schools of which, (including the high school 
and the African school,) 2782 children are annually taught. 
Our " Female Charitable Society,"§ for the wisdom and 
benevolence of its plans, and the usefulness of its efforts, 
has no rival in the country. Our 20 Sabbath Schools, 
have 593 teachers, 2,978 pupils, and 3,331 volumes in 
their libraries.il We have 20 Religious Societies,1F 16 of 
which have permanent houses for worship. These edi= 

*The "Allen Mill" (see note) was erected in 1789, for the sake of 
gaining a title to the adjoining land. A person, now living in the city, 
returning from that mill, has been followed to his own door by wolves ! 
And so late as 1800, the mill not supporting itself, was left vacant; and 
any of the settlers, as they had occasion, went to it, ground their own 
grain, closed the mill, and returned at their leisure. And this in a place 
which is now the largest flour manufactory in the world ! 

t The annual cost of the single item of cooperage for these mills, &c, 
is from $200,000 to $250,000 ! 

i One by the young ladies of the First Presbyterian Church ; one by 
the young ladies of St, Luke's Church ; and one by the Rochester Fe- 
male Charitable Society. 

*> See Appendix D. |i See Appendix E, * See Appendix F. 

4 



26 

rices, several of which are massive and majestic struc- 
tures, not surpassed by an equal number in any city in 
the Union, cover 60,106 square feet, or nearly \\ square 
acres ; the number of square feet in their audience rooms 
is 48,255 ; and the extent of their pew-room, 15,853 run- 
ning feet. Two of these societies are "Friends," and 
two Roman Catholic. Of the remaining 16, which are 
evangelical in sentiment, 5 are Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 
2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Free 
Will Baptist, 1 Congregational, 1 German Lutheran, and 
1 African. All but four of these churches have settled 
pastors, and all of them are regularly supplied with the 
stated ministrations of the Gospel. The whole number 
of their communicants is 3,540 — of which 1,076 have been 
added within the year, 675 on profession of their faith, 
and 401 by certificates from other churches. The whole 
number of additions to our own church,* in the 22 years 
of its existence, is 941 — of which 250 have been added 
in the last four years. The average annual addition for 
the whole period is 41 — for the last four years, more 
than 62. The first organized Temperance effort in Ire- 
land, if not in Great Britain, was made by the former pas- 
tor of this church, the Rev. Dr. Penney. The noble plan 
of supplying the whole United States with the Bible, ori- 
ginated in this city. Two of our churches have contri- 
buted more, the last year, to the cause of benevolence, 
than any churches, (with two exceptions,) in the Presby- 
terian connection. Fifteen missionaries have gone from 
our churches to foreign lands. No place in our country is 
so distinguished as Rochester, for its revivals of religion — 
for the comparative number and size of its churches, or 
the elegance of their edifices ; and but few can compare 
with it in sound morality and intelligence, in social or- 

* See Appendix G. 



27 

der, in enlightened enterprize, and in stable, permanent 
prosperity. 

Such is a brief sketch of the kindness of God's dealings 
with us, as seen in our origin as a nation ; in our preserva- 
tion in seasons of trial and danger ; in our national in- 
crease and prosperity ; in the abundance of our resources 
and comforts ; in out facilities for education and general 
intelligence ; in our religious privileges and blessings ; 
and finally in the origin and growth, and present condi- 
tion of our own city— ^a city which twenty-five years 
since had no existence, and which is now the ornament 
and the pride of our state. Who, as he reviews these 
multiplied, and constant, and signal blessings, does not 
feel his heart glowing with thankfulness to God ? From 
every thing in our past history, and our present enjoy- 
ments, and our prospects for the future, who does not 
hear the declaration coming up like the voice of many 
waters, u His merciful kindness is great toward us!" 
Who does not hear — who will not rejoice to obey the ex- 
hortation, " Praise ye the Lord !" 

In the Improvement of this subject, we cannot but re- 
mark, 

I. That the sins of this country are sins of peculiar 
aggravation, and must be regarded by God, with pecu- 
liar abhorrence. — Would to heaven, that this topic might 
be spared — that there were no dark spots on the escutcheon 
of our country's glory — no tears of lamentation and sor- 
row to bedew the harp of thanksgiving — no dark fore- 
bodings to mingle even with our paeans of praise ! But 
conceal it we may not — there are sins of deep and dread- 
ful dye, resting upon us as a nation. Ambition, and world- 
liness, and pride, and profaneness, and intemperance, and 
Sabbath breaking, and infidelity, and licentiousness, still 
stalk abroad with unblushing front, and unholy purpose, 



28 

to disgrace and pollute our land. And then there is our 
recent disregard of law, and the scurrility of party abuse, 
and the violence of party feeling, and the actual practice 
of that doctrine of devils, " that all is fair in politics," and 
that, too, by men who, in other matters, would scorn the 
meanness and the wickedness which it involves. And 
last, but not least, there is the bondage of 2,000,000 of 
our fellow-men, which rests upon our country as a dark 
and dreadful sin, and threatens us with a still deeper and 
a darker curse. When I think of the tendency of these 
and a thousand other sins — when I hear them calling 
with an iron voice on Heaven for vengeance, and when I 
remember the holy indignation with which God regards 
the abominations of earth, I often tremble for my coun- 
try ! True — the Lord hath long borne with us ; but to 
the believer in Divine Providence, there is something fear- 
ful, even in his forbearance : for the longer he spares, the 
fuller will be the vials of his wrath, and the more fearful 
the day of our visitation, unless we avert it by sincere and 
speedy repentance. 

I hardly need say, 

II. That this subject should lead us all to the exercise 
of lively and devout gratitude to God. — Deeply should 
mch gratitude be cherished in our hearts, and clearly and 
constantly manifested in our lives. And, above all, it 
should lead us to turn from our sins, and to engage at 
once, and heartily and forever in Jehovah's service. This 
is the design — this the proper tendency of all God's mer- 
cies to us, and this should be their eifect. This is our best 
good — our highest privilege — our noblest end — our first 
duty, to ourselves, to our country, to our God. This only 
can save us from an aggravated ruin, and make the bless- 
ings of earth the pledge to us of the purer, the nobler, the 
endless blessings of heaven. 



29 

Finally, we are taught by this subject, 

III. Our immense obligations, both to our ancestors 
and to posterity. — To our forefathers, whose character 
we have traced, we are indebted, under God, for all the 
blessings we now enjoy. We may indeed, and we ought 
to venerate their memory, and study their history, and 
cherish their noble principles, and imitate their lofty chris- 
tian virtues. But all this will not discharge our immense 
and sacred obligations to them ; for they are beyond the 
reach of our service and praise. " These obligations 
should rather bind us to the living and to posterity." 
Standing, as we do, on the mount of mercies, between the 
past and the future — holding in our hands the destinies 
of unborn millions, we are bound to transmit to them, not 
only unimpaired but improved, the precious legacy receiv- 
ed from our fathers. By proper care, and watchfulness, 
and effort, we may do this. And on the other hand, by a 
little neglect — by neglecting education, by abusing liberty, 
by disregarding law, by violating the Sabbath, by refusing 
to maintain the institutions of our fathers and the wor- 
ship of God, by being the apologists of irreligion, or im- 
morality, or vice, we may mark out a path to those who 
come after us, and train up a race that shall be a curse to 
themselves, to the community, to the world, and to our- 
selves for ever hereafter ! Would you then avoid all 
this ? Would you have the generations that come after 
you, an honor, a blessing to the world, and hereafter an 
ornament to heaven ? Then do all in your power, that 
their minds may be enlightened by knowledge, and their 
hearts sanctified by grace. Teach them, both by precept 
and example, to be the friends of liberty, of education, of 
wholesome laws, of upright rulers, and of every good in- 
stitution, whether civil, social, or religious — to be the con- 
stant worshippers of God, and the active opposers, and 



30 

discreet reformers of every vice. Teach them to think- 
to weigh arguments, as well as to read letters. Let their 
morality be that of religion, their politics founded in hea- 
venly principles, and their habits of thought and action 
those which are drawn from the unchanging word of God. 
Teach them that liberty without virtue is a curse, and 
that the greater a nation's prosperity, if misimproved, the 
deeper will be the damnation that must follow it Teach 
them that without religion, and the Bible, and the Sab- 
bath,* and the worship of God, there is no more safety for 
our country, than there is salvation for our souls — that 
without these we shall assuredly sink into the same mo- 
ral putrefaction and death, in which " civil despotism has 
entombed the millions of China." Yes — my hearers — let 
us remember and transmit to all posterity, the sacred les- 
son received from our Puritan Fathers, that only right- 
eousness can truly exalt a people, and that happy is that 
nation, and only that, whose God is the Lord. Pure re- 
ligion is the only hope of nations. Without this, 
all that you may do to elevate and bless a people with 
permanent prosperity, with abiding greatness, is utterly in 
vain. You may throw around them the proprieties of 
life, and the refinements of art and taste ; but these will 
but cover and conceal the wickedness which they cannot 
destroy. You may look to the restraints of civil law ; 
but laws are ever the offspring of public opinion, and 

* Our Puritan fathers were remarkable for their regard for the Sab. 
bath. One reason which they gave for leaving Holland was, " that in 
ten years time, whilst they sojourned amongst" the Dutch, " they could 
not bring them to reform their neglect of the observation of the Sabbath." 

It is also an interesting fact, tnat on one of the first expeditions, made 
by the Puritans, to explore the country on which they had landed, when 
they were overtaken by Saturday night, instead of returning to the ship, 
they camped out until the Sahbath ivas past — and this in the middle of a 
severe December ! 



31 

when that is corrupt and abominable, they will be the 
same. You may tell them of the excellence of mere 
morality ; but selfishness will sneer at its beauty, and as 
to its power, it will perish like a garland—like the splen- 
did bubble of a thousand hues, in the first grasp of tempta- 
tion. You may give them intelligence ; but if unsancti- 
fied, it will be like the intelligence of devils, used only to 
blight and destroy all that is bright, and beautiful, and 
glorious, both here and hereafter. You may talk to them 
of the greatness and the honor of their country : but a 
mere appeal to pride will not stay the violence of party 
divisions, or the clashing of jarring interests, or the law- 
less ragings of open sin, which may yet break forth in 
moral earthquakes, rending us in pieces, and consigning 
us to the grave of ruin, with republics that were and 
are not. 

No — my friends — there is no safeguard for a nation, like 
that afforded by sound intelligence, blended with pure re- 
ligion ; nothing that will so richly bless it in all its civil, 
social and moral relations ; nothing that will so surely 
secure the smiles of that God, whose favor is life, and 
whose loving kindness is better than life. While then, 
with united hearts and voices, we send up to Jehovah the 
strains of thanksgiving and praise for all our mercies, as 
individuals, as citizens, as a people, let us also with united 
hearts and voices send up the petition that our temporal 
mercies may be continued — that sound intelligence may 
be extended, and especially that revivals of pure religion, 
kindled up as the quenchless watch-fires of heaven on 
every hill and in every valley, may purify our land from 
every sin, and make us as distingushed for holiness, as we 
are for prosperity — as distinguished for the improvement 
as we are for the reception of mercies. Let us pray that 
he who hath so long been our protector and leader, will 



32 

still be our guardian and guide — that he who hath so long 
blessed us, will bless us still — that he who hath been the 
God of our fathers, will dwell with us, and be our God — 
that he will be a wall of fire round about us, and a glory- 
in our midst — that he will take up his abode in our city, 
and our nation, and ever make us that happy people^ 
whose God is the Lord. 



APPENDIX. 



History, &c. — Forty-eight years ago, the tract of country, of which 
Monroe county is a part, was only known as the hunting ground of such 
remnants of the " Six Nations," as had survived the chastisement of Sulli- 
van, and the more destructive influence of frontier civilization. The pre- 
emptive title to all this territory was claimed by the state of Massachu- 
setts, under the grant of its colonial charter. With this claim however, 
the charter of the state of New- York interfered ; but an adjustment was 
finally made in 1786, by commissioners who met at Hartford, (Conn.); 
Massachusetts ceding to New- York the sovereignty and jurisdiction of 
the territory, and New-York ceding to Massachusetts the property of the 
soil. In 1787, Massachusetts sold this tract, containing 6,000,000 of acres, 
to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham for $1,000,000. In the following 
spring, Mr. P., who lived in Massachusetts, prepared himself with men 
and means to explore it — with great intrepidity taking leave of his family, 
his neighbors, and the minister of the parish, who had assembled on the 
occasion, all in tears, to bid him, as it were, a final adieu ! 

He persevered, penetrated the wilderness, and made a treaty with the 
Indians, by which they ceded to him the title to about 2,250,000 acres of 
his purchase. An incident connected with this treaty may not be unwor- 
thy of notice, as illustrating the change in the value of landed property 
since that time. Mr. P. proposed to erect mills at the Falls of the river, 
(now Rochester,) and asked for a competent space around them for a 
mill-yard. To this the Indians assented, and a tract was taken for that 
purpose, of 12 miles by 24! After a mill had been erected, and the In- 
dians came to see the quantity of land requisite for a mill-yard, they ex- 
pressed their surprise, as well they might, but still did not recall their gift. 
In 1821, part of this territory was organized as Monroe county, of which 
Rochester is now the capital. 

Rochester is situated on both sides of the Genesee river, which, within 
3£ miles, descends by falls and rapids 226 feet — the highest fall being one 
of 97 feet, within the city limits. The mill-lot, so called, lying on the west 
side of the river, and containing 100 acres, was given in 1789 to a Mr. 

5 



34 



Allen for building a mill for the accommodation of the settlers who might 
move into the adjacent region. But the settlements being mostly made 
in other directions, the mill went to decay, and the lot was repeatedly sold. 
In 1802, Nathaniel Rochester, William Fitzhugh, and Charles Carroll, of 
Maryland, purchased the lot, and left it unsold until 1812, when they sur- 
veyed it into village lots, opened it for sale, and gave it the name of Ro- 
chester. The center of the city, east of the river, was originally purchased 
of the Phelps and Gorham estate, in 1789, for Is. 6d. per acre, New Eng- 
land currency. A log-house and a saw- mill were erected on this traet in 
1808 ; but it was not much improved until 1817, when 80 acres were laid 
out in building lots and offered for sale. In the northwest part of the village, 
(now Frankfort,) the first improvements began to be made about 1807, 
and in the northeast part in 1813. James S. Stone, son of Enos Stone, 
was the first white person born in Rochester — May 4, 1810. The first 
bridge over the Genesee was commenced in 1810, and completed in 1812. 
In 1812, the first tavern and the first store were opened. In 1813 there 
were three houses built and occupied on the west side of the river j and 
in that year the square in front of the First Presbyterian Church, was 
cleared and sown with wheat, and afterward used as a pasture. In 1815 
the first census was taken, population 331 ; and the first Religious soci- 
ety was organized, with 16 members. In 1816 the first newspaper was 
established. In 1817 the village was incorporated as " Rochesterville," 
which name was changed by the Legislature in 1819, to Rochester. In 
1820 the first court of record was held in the village. In 1822 the first 
canal boat left the village, laden with flour. In 1824 the first bank was 
incorporated; 



B. 

Table of Population. 



Year. 

1815. 

1818. 
1820. 
1822. 
1S25. 



Population. 

331 

...1,049 
. . . 1,502 
...2,700 
. . . 5,273 



Year. Population. 

1826.. 7,669 

1830 10,863 

1834 12,252 

1835 14,396 

1836 17,160 



c. 

Post Office.-— So late as 1810, the mail was carried eastward from 
Rochester, once a week, on horseback, and part of the time by a woman! 
In 1812, a Post Office was first opened in the village; and its first quar- 



35 

terly income was $3 42 cents ! So late as 1815 one of our present citi- 
zens had authority from the Postmaster-General, to locate Post Offices 
wherever he would deliver the mail weekly, for all the postage he might 
collect, in all the country between the Genesee and Niagara rivers, and 
from the Canandaigua and Buffalo road, northward to Lake Ontario — a 
region of 2500 square miles in extent! JVbio there are ten daily mails re- 
ceived and transmitted by the Rochester Post Office ; the receipts for 
postage for the last quarter of 1836, are about four thousand dollars ; and the 
receipts for the entire year, between fourteen and fifteen thousand dollars. 



The Rochester Female Charitable Society. — This noble institu- 
tion, embracing in harmonious union all denominations, has been in exis- 
tence for 15 years. Its objects are, the establishment of a Charity School, 
and especially, the relief of indigent persons or families in cases of sickness 
or distress. It divides the entire city into (now) 30 sections, to each of 
which it assigns a committee of one or more of its members. Each com- 
mittee is bound by the constitution to visit its section at least every month, 
and as much oftener as may be needful — to ascertain the condition of all 
the poor — in all cases to see that they are provided with employment or 
assistance from the proper sources, and if sick to supply them with food, 
and to aid them by the loan of proper clothing, &c. The society also sup- 
ports one of the three charity schools of the city, gathering the pupils, by 
the aid of the visitors, from the various sections of visitation, and supply- 
ing them with books, stationery, &c. The funds of the society are deri- 
ved from the contributions of its members, and from a sermon annually 
preached in its behalf by some one of the ministers of the city. 



E. 

Sabbath Schools. — The first Sabbath School in Rochester, was com- 
menced in the summer of 1818, with 30 pupils. In 1819 there were 120, 
and in 1820, 100 pupils. In neither of these years had the schools any 
Buperintendant. In 1823, "the schools were distributed to 5 or 6 differ- 
ent places, without however any sectarian division." In 1825, the Month- 
ly Concert of prayer for Sabbath Schools was first observed. Before 1826 
all the Schools had been discontinued during the winter ; from this date, 
however, the Presbyterian schools began to be continued through the en- 



36 



tire year. At this time there were 3 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
and 1 Methodist schools. The present state of the Sabbath Schools in 
the city, may be seen from the following 



TABLE.* 



First Presbyterian, 

Brick Presbyterian, 

Third Presbyterian, 

Free Presbyterian, 

Bethel Free Presbyterian, 

St. Luke's, (Episcopal,) 

Grace, (Episcopal,) 

First Baptist, 

Second Baptist, 

First Methodist,. 

Second Methodist, 

Free Congregational, 

St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic,) . , ... . 

Zion Church, (African,). 

Frankfort, (Episcopal,) 

Cornhill, (Presbyterian,) 

Carthage, (Presbyterian,) 

Sand-hill, (Presbyterian,) 

White School House, (Presbyterian,) 
Brick School House, (Presbyterian,). 



Total, 



E 

-a 

66 


2 
1 

273 


64 


269 


35 


193 


39 


254 


26 


125 


42 


178 


8 


65 


38 


173 


30 


165 


26 


166 


28 


175 


34 


161 


60 


300 


20 


70 


7 


45 


21 


76 


8 


65 


8 


45 


10 


70 


23 
593 


110 

12978 



460 

267 

275 

250 

100 

230 

200 

225 

300 

250 

259 

135 

250 

20 

00 

75 

00 

35 

00 

00 

3331 



* The numbers here given are the largest numbers connected with each school, 
at any one time within the year. The school of the Bethel Free Presbyterian 
Church was formed in the latter part of the year, and is in part a colony from 
that of the First Presbyterian Church. The highest monthly average of actual 
attendance, in the Protestant schools, is 508 teachers, and 2,554 pupils. One or 
two of the last mentioned schools are open only a part of the year. 



37 



F. 



*3C3*ia> 



3 » J — -5? 
03 "? 

3-° £^ 



lll'lllllll^lll^l' 



P 3" 3^ I^25^>gj 



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3^ ,_l cs 



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ODODOOCDODCDOOODOOqBCDODOOOOODQDODOOODOO 

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When Organized. 


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No. of Communicants. 


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tO i^ M W CT Oi K) 


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Total Added. 


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External arena 
in square feet; | 



Arena of Audience 
Room in square ft. 



Pew-Room in 
running feet. 



38 

G. 

The First Presbyterian Church— Was organized, Aug. 22, 1815, 
with 16 members, by a committee of the Presbytery of Geneva, under the 
care of which it was at that time received. Oliver Gibbs, Daniel West, 
Warren Brown, and Henry Donnelly, were chosen the first elders — the 
two former with the designation of deacons, and Elisha Ely was chosen 
the first clerk. 

January 17, 1816. — Rev. Comfort Williams was installed Bishop and 
Pastor of the Church, by the Presbytery of Geneva. Mr. W. was a na- 
tive of Wethersfield, Connecticut, and had been previously settled at 
Ogdensburgh, N. Y. He was graduated at Yale College in 1808, and 
pursued his theological studies at the Seminary in Andover, Mass. 

March 16, 1816. — Voted by the Session " That a meeting of the church 
shall be considered regularly warned, by a notice given publicly on the 
Sabbath, and when information shall have been sent to the settlements on 
the ridge in Gates, and in the east part of Brighton !" 

April 10, 1816. — The second meeting of the Session was this day held 
at Brighton ! 

March 25, 1819. — A committee of two Elders and one Member was ap- 
pointed for six months, to aid the Pastor in visiting, &c. 

April 6, 1819. — The Presbytery of Rochester was organized, and the 
church transferred to its care. 

June 6, 1821. — Rev. Comfort Williams was dismissed at his own request; 
and on the 10th of the same month preached his farewell discourse, &c. 

April 3, 1822. — Rev. Joseph Penney, D. D., was installed as Bishop and 
Pastor of the church, by the Presbytery of Rochester. Mr. P. was born in 
the north of Ireland, received his education in that country, and in Glas- 
gow, and emigrated to New- York in 1819. He resigned his pastoral 
charge, April 16, 1833; was soon afterward called to the First Congre- 
gational Church in Northampton, Mass., and in 1835 from that church 
to his present station, the Presidency of Hamilton College. 

November 3, 1827. — Rev. Jonathan S. Green, and Miss Delia Stone, 
(now Mrs. Bishop,) members of this church, sailed as Missionaries to the 
Sandwich Islands. 

1828. — No one of the members of the church died at Rochester, during 
all this year, though their number was between 400 and 500. 

July 22, 1834. — Rev. Tryon Edwards was ordained and installed a9 
Bishop and Pastor of the church, by the Presbytery of Rochester. Mr. 
E. was born in Hartford, Connecticut; was graduated at Yale College in 
1828, and pursued his theological studies at the Seminary in Princeton, 
New-Jersey. 

August 31, 1836.— Rev. Ferdinand D. W. W T ard, and Rev. Henry 
Cherry, two members of this church, were ordained as Missionaries to 
Southern India— sailed on the 22d of November. 



39 

Table of Additions to the Church. 



Yeara* 
1S15 


Total. 

.... .16. . 


On Profession 

o 


Years. 

1827 


TolaL 

80. . 


On ProftaaioiB 

43 


1816 

1817 


13.. 

.... 16. . 


3 

3 


1828 


28.. 


10 


1829 

1830 


33.. 


6 


1818 


. . . .9. . 





no.. 


91 


1819 

1820 


13.. 

7.. 


2 

4 


1831 


112.. 


81 


1832 

1833 


38.. 


25 


1821 

1822 


39.. 

38.. 


16 

3 


70.. 


32 


1834 

1835 


47.. 


10 


1823 


..26.. 


4 


49.. 


23 


1824 


.40 


4 


1836 


84.. 


58 


1825 


24.. 


3 




941 




1826 


19.. 


2 


423 



Average annual additions, 41 — average for the last 4 years, more than 
62. Average annual addition by profession 19 — average for the last 4 
years 31. 

Table of Elders; 

By the letter d against any name, is signified that the individual was 
ordained elder, with the designation also of deacon; by a *, that by death, 
or removal, or resignation, he has ceased to be a member of the eldership. 

Names. Date of Appointment. 

Oliver Gibbs,d* August 22, 1815. 

Daniel West,d* " " " 

Warren Brown,* " " « 

Henry Donnelly,* " " " 

Azel Ensworth,* July 7, 1816. 

Jacob Gould,* August 4, 1822. 

Levi Ward, jr.d " " « 

Russell Green, July 18, 1824. 

Moses Chapin, " " " 

Salmon Scofield,* " " " 

Charles J. Hill, January 27, 1828, 

Frederick Starr, " «« " 

Ashley Samson, April 21, 1833. 

James K> Livingston i' " '* 



Present Trustees of the Congregation. 



Frederick F. Backus. 
William H. Ward, 
Everard Peck, 



Theodore Chapin, 
Fletcher M. Haight, 
Robert M. Dalzell. 



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